Graduation Speech Nursing Mentoring - 1030 Words

Nursing Mentoring Nohely Alvarez Felician College Nohely Alvarez 10/09/2015 â€Å"I declare on my honor that I have neither given nor received inappropriate aid on this examination/paper/assignment.† Going through the process of getting a degree and graduating can probably be the most rewarding achievement in life. All the sleepless nights: studying and writing papers has finally paid off and now it is time to step out into the real world. For some, depending on their career can be challenging to adapt to a new environment. Going to school and going to work for the very first time is a big difference. Some people could feel intimidated while other individuals could be excited to start a new chapter. It is strongly advised that students throughout their career find a mentor. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a mentor is someone who teaches or gives help and advice to a less experienced and often younger person. Mentoring will make a big difference for future nursing graduates and to many other careers. Getting a job for the very first time as a registered nurse after graduating can be very intimidating because people don’t know what to expect. Not knowing what to expect will only make the new graduate doubt his or her abilities. Duchscher (2008) states, â€Å" issues commonly cited as troublesome for newly graduated nurses at various points in time throughout the initial 12 months relate to a lack of clinical knowledge and confidence in skill performance,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Knowledge Program836 Words   |  4 Pagesas reflected in student learning outcomes. Recognition ceremonies expanded Diversity Advocacy hosted the first graduation celebration for Asian, Middle Eastern, Pacific Islander, and Southeast Asian students. 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How did Social Reforms Improve Women’s Position during the Third Republic Free Essays

string(153) " almost half the teaching profession were women, demonstrating an acceptance of women working in nurturing, caring roles which upheld republican values\." sIntroduction Over the course of Third Republic, social reform policies were largely shaped by industrialisation and the fears of social discontent it instilled amongst republicans, war and the on-going demographic crisis. The social question became ever more pressing and ultimately came the gradual recognition that the state had to play a more prominent role in administrating social policy. Concern over the administration and the cultural effects of implementing social policy led to a preoccupation with the question of women in the new Republic. We will write a custom essay sample on How did Social Reforms Improve Women’s Position during the Third Republic? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through a gendered reading of republican history women were undoubtedly a prominent area in political discussions throughout the Third Republic and after 1870, reformative legislation was in certain cases clearly gender specific, and designed with the position of women in mind. However, state instigated reforms passed in the areas of education, work and familial health largely â€Å"sought to enhance the position of women within society in ways dictated by their gendered vision† (S. Foley, P144, 2004). As a result of social reforms throughout the Third Republic, undeniably â€Å"women’s lives did change with bourgeoises and ouvrieres alike entering the world of work in ever greater numbers, however these changes occurred in tandem with continued emphasis on women’s maternity† (Pedersen, p 695, 1996). Reformers sought to reinforce the social construction of woman as mother and by the end of the regime the doctrine of separate spheres prevailed, â€Å"wome n had a place in the third republic as mothers of future citizens, but little success in their claims to equal treatment in their own right† (Pedersen, p.695, 1996). In the early years of the Third Republic, the most significant social reforms, which had real potential to improve the position of women, were in the domain of education. Reform of the education system began in 1880 with the Camille See law establishing lycees and colleges for girls as well as boys. The following year saw the introduction of free, secular education for both sexes under Jules Ferry, a law which was amended in 1882 to make attendance compulsory between the ages of 6-13. Education over the course of the republic became arguably, the most crucial element in female emancipation. However, â€Å"progress, over the period 1870-1914 was slow and undynamic† (McMillan, p53, 1981). The laws were difficult to enforce, as social expectations of girls were not necessarily compatible with compulsory education. Amongst working class families, young girls were expected and required to work to contribute to the family income, and thus school attendance was low; this hostility t o the laws was also felt in the provinces, where attendance was often seasonal in conjunction with working seasons on the land. The need to educate girls was often seen as unnecessary amongst upper-middle class families who resided in the doctrine of separate spheres and saw education as common. Indeed, in the early years of the new system, it was largely the middle-class population that benefited the most from the changes in education. In addition to the socio-cultural and economic restraints on the progress of girl’s education, the republican government cannot be said to have implemented the reforms to drastically change the lot of women. In fact the laws were designed to keep women in the same position as they had been under the Second Empire, a position dictated by male authority and shaped by their gender difference. The Camille See law intentionally prescribed a distinctly different curriculum for boys and girls and did not prepare girls for higher education or include Latin classes to allow girls to take the baccalaureate, but rather prepared them for domesticity, with the aim of creating â€Å"Republican companions for Republican men† (Foley, p146, 2004). The intention was never to provide boys and girls with equal educational opportunities and the law was unquestionably â€Å"designed to dissociate female education from the professional and career orientations of its male equivalents† ( Silverman, p66, 1992). Camille See in particular was an ardent defender of the doctrine of separate spheres, â€Å"nothing was further from his mind than the creation of female lawyers, doctors or politicians† (McMillan, p51, 1981). Furthermore, before 1880 the Church had been largely responsible for educating girls and boys in religious schools. To consolidate the new republic and secure the regime, legislators believed in the need to diminish the influence of the church in society and break its strong hold over women. The incentives to introduce educational policies were closely bound up with anti-clericalism and thus in hindsight, can be seen to constitute more of a â€Å"victory for anticlericalism [rather than] feminism† (McMillan, p47, 1981). Nevertheless, the educational reforms did constitute a real achievement and eventually improved the level of education for girls. By developing in a way that was unanticipated by their creators they eventually â€Å"undermined the assumption that girls were irrevocably destined for domestic life† (Foley, p146, 2004) In the face of competition with private and religious schools that did offer Latin for girls, certain state schools were forced to introduce the subject and prepare girls for the baccalaureate. Over the period 1900 to 1914 the number of female students registered in higher education rose from 624 to 2547, a slow but significant increase which paved the way for a select group of middle class women into the professions. The law had paradoxically â€Å"led certain women to choose the very careers it was supposed to discourage† (Silverman, p66, 1992). Female teachers were seen by many as republican instruments to continue teaching young girls about their domestic role, and thus while paradoxically granting many women with increased independence, like the educational legislation itself, they also highlight a commitment to a supportive and dependant role for women based upon their feminine characteristics, rather than a desire to enhance their position in society. An 1879 law set up the Ecole Normale Superieure de Saint-Cloud in Paris which provided female teacher training to manage the spread of republican ideals through education. By 1906 about 78,000 women teachers worked in state schools and a further 5000 in religious schools; almost half the teaching profession were women, demonstrating an acceptance of women working in nurturing, caring roles which upheld republican values. You read "How did Social Reforms Improve Women’s Position during the Third Republic?" in category "Essay examples" By 1914 as a consequences of ope ning up secondary education and the professions to women, they were beginning to be visible in the public sphere, â€Å"but the implications of this change for a social model based on ‘difference’ remained to be addressed† (Foley, p148, 2004). The post-war 1924 Berard Law finally saw the alignment of boys and girls curricula and the Ministry of Education established a baccalaureate stream for girls schools. Yet a 1928 decree kept the girls diploma running for those who did not want to sit the baccalaureate and attempted to continue to reinforce the development of capable housewives. Nevertheless, in 1929 lycee fees were scrapped and the number of enrolments rose substantially; 255000 girls were registered in 1929. Only then had a veritable â€Å"trend towards modern mass education begun† (Sowerwine, p128, 2001) which was not based upon sexual difference. As a result of educational reforms, the number of middle-class women entering the labour market did rise; in 1906 779,000 women worked in the commercial sector, by 1921 the number had increased to 1,008 000. Many middle-class women were finding work as teachers or nurses and in the tertiary sector as secretaries, typists or postal employees. Yet, on the whole women who entered the professions were markedly young, single women. Managerial positions across all sectors were almost solely reserved for men and despite the successes of certain women who did enter into the â€Å"male† professions, numbers remained low – twenty female doctors and ten female lawyers had completed their studies by 1906. The advancement in the position of some middle class women into the public sphere, alongside the development of the bicycle which granted women more independence, and the changing fashions of the Belle Epoque – shorter hair, and shorter hemlines- encouraged a perceived ide a that middle-class women were en route to emancipation and that their presence in the public sphere was considerably greater than it was (Sowerwine, 2001).However, the reality of working life for most women was far removed from â€Å"the emancipated existence imagined by troubled male minds† (McMillan, p142, 2000). The acceptance that women from working-class families needed to work for their family’s survival was not a phenomenon that emerged in the Third Republic and despite republican rhetoric about a woman’s domestic role, legislators â€Å"never seriously proposed prohibiting all women’s wage labour†¦instead working hours were limited† (Stewart, p15, 1989). In 1906 women constituted 36.6% of the working population (not including agriculture) but their participation was â€Å"on terms of massive inferiority† (McMillan, p57, 1985), with women in most sectors earning half as much as men performing similar tasks. The early years of the Third Republic saw the introduction of a number of reforms which attempted to control and regulate working-class women’s working patterns and improve their working conditions. An 1874 law forbade women from working in mines, in 1892 the working day was set at 11 hours and night work was banned. In 1898 a law penalis ing employers for industrial accidents marked an attempt at tightening up factory safety, in 1904 the working day was shortened to 10 hours and in 1906 an obligatory weekly rest was decreed. In 1909 a law decreed that a woman could not lose her job after having a baby and 1913 saw the introduction of 4 weeks unpaid maternity leave. For reformers, the ideal was to â€Å"create a situation where a women’s productive work would not interfere with their reproductive work† (McMillan, p.178, 2000). However, the implementation of protective working legislation was difficult and in many cases where women were expected to bring in their share of the family income and resume all domestic duties, they had little choice but to break the laws. Financial demands meant that in many sectors women needed to work more than 10 hours and fines for breaching the laws were low; night work enabled women to both earn a wage and care for their families in the day. Furthermore, despite the 1907 law allowing married women who worked to dispose freely of their own income, no attempt to address wage inequality was made until 1915 when a minimum wage was introduced for domestic workers. In 1914 the wages of women who worked in the clothing and domestic industries, had not reached even 50 % of those of men. Despite acceptance that many women need to work, they were not expected to earn enough to lead an independent life a â€Å"deliberate policy on the part of employers not to pay women a living wageà ¢â‚¬  (McMillan, p.68, 1981), to keep women in a dependent, familial position. Thus, social labour reforms (and deliberate lack thereof with regards to wages) were largely implemented to facilitate a woman’s dual exploitation as a worker and a bearer of children, a position based upon male double standards and inequality. The war years invariably required women to take on new roles and act independently while their husbands were at war and in 1915 they were temporarily granted paternal authority. A number of new industries – chemicals, munitions and metal- opened their doors to women in the name of the war effort and the increasing number of accidents in the workplace boosted concerns over working conditions and the health of women who worked long hours. In 1917 the government introduced a female factory inspectors scheme for the protection of female labour, offering companies financial incentives for participation and in the post-war years the inspectorate â€Å"did much to raise the condition of women workers far above the level of abject misery and exploitation that had persisted throughout the 19th century† (McMillan, p144, 1981).Wartime creches and nurseries were imposed by the government to enable working class mothers to continue with their jobs, yet â€Å"far from being establis hed as a feminist demand† (Reynolds, p.36, 1996), they were viewed as beneficial for the child and a necessary concession to meet production needs. From the 1920s onwards, post-war, and faced with huge losses, the Third Republic became increasingly marked by state intervention in the lives of citizens and â€Å"reformers focused on reproduction and depopulation, linking the demographic crisis to the degeneration of the working-class family† (Stewart, p.108, 1995). In 1920 the Declaration of the Rights of the Family was issued, this meant that the protection of and preservation of the family and the collective was now seen as more important than the rights of the individual. With the depopulation crisis reaching a new height in post-war years, masculine fears of the loss of the familial women rose to a new level and â€Å"wartime losses coupled with a century of slow population growth, gave impetus to the country’s pronatalist programs and general public health measures resulted† (Smith, p.50, 2003). The working mother became increasingly problematic as the government and employers endorsed the notion that do mesticity and motherhood as a moral duty for women would not only save France, it would also create jobs for returning soldiers. Propaganda scapegoated the ‘new woman’ through rejection of her maternal duty, as responsible for Frances low population growth and therefore wartime failures. Repopulating France was seen as the most important social function for a woman and in the interwar period government led incentives â€Å"reduced women from whole human beings to temporarily fertile bearers of children† (Reynolds, p.24, 1996). The conservative Bloc National established the Conseil Superieur de la Natalite in 1919, a government body designed to support the pronatalist, Alliance Nationale pour l’Accroissement de la Population Francaise, which imposed an income tax surcharge on single men and women over 30 without children. The 1920 law imposed strict fines and imprisonment for anyone providing birth control or facilitating contraception and a 1923 law designed to restrict abortions, made them a penal crime for anyone who performed or had an abortion. The new laws affected men and women differently, and â€Å"while ostensibly universal, were actually gendered† (Pedersen, p.676, 1996), prohibiting all forms of female contraception except for the cond om, thus perpetuating the republican ideal of productive man and reproductive woman. The laws aimed to diminish a woman’s right to control her own fertility and increase â€Å"French legislators’ political and medical authority to intervene into family life through the bodies of women†. (Pedersen, p 677, 1996) The code de la Famille declared in 1939, the biggest legislative achievement for pronatalists (Koos, p.705, 1996) encouraged women to have more children by paying more family allowances to larger families, and offered a 10% wage supplement to workers whose wives stayed at home to raise children. The laws against contraception and abortion were also made tougher. Politicians used science and medical authority to socially define women’s position as a mother and housewife and in this sense â€Å"women’s reproduction became linked to the nation’s health† (Koos, p.635, 1996) and some fascist pronatalist newspapers portrayed female aborters as being guilty of treason. By the end of the regime in 1940, women did occupy a greater share of public space than they had previously through the unprecedented development of education and â€Å"by turning motherhood and other private family responsibilities into political and social concerns, Third Republic politicians ironically increased women’s public function.† However, this public function was largely defined by women’s biological, moral and social duty as a mother (Stromberg Childers, p6, 2003).Despite greater educational and job opportunities available to both middle-class and working class-women, and some legal gains such as the liberalisation of the divorce law and the 1938 revision of the Civil Code, â€Å"the doctrine of separate spheres had not been seriously undermined, neither in theory nor in practice† (p 189, Mcmillan, 1981). Women were repeatedly denied the right to vote and the revised Civil Code, still decreed male dominance over the family. Prevailing patriarc hal mentalities were slow to change and even many women and feminists did not dispute the familial movement in the 1930s. By the end of the Third Republic men still held authority in the public and private spheres and although many women may have benefitted physically from certain social welfare policies, and from new job opportunities, a woman’s social position in 1940 continued to be largely determined by the patriarchal model established by the French Civil Code and â€Å"a gender order based upon sexual difference rather than sexual equality was still widely considered to be fundamental to the well-being of society†(McMillan, p. 154, 2000). Women were still subject to male inequality and primarily defined by their gender, as a mother and housewife. Bibliography Accampo, E.A. et al. (1995) Gender and the Politics of Social Reform in France 1870-1914. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Foley, S. (2004) Women in France since 1789: The Meanings of Difference. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Fortescue, W. (2000) The Third republic in France 1870-1940: Conflicts and Continuities. London: Routledge Press. Fuchs, R.G. (1993) Population and the State in the Third Republic: Introduction, French Historical Studies, Vol. 19, no. 3, Spring, pp.633-638. Hause, S. C. and Kenney, A. R. (1984) Women’s Suffrage and Social Politics in the French Third Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Hilden, P. (1986) Working Women and Socialist Politics in France: 1880-1914: a Regional Study. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Koos, C.A. (1996) Gender, anti-individualism, and Nationalism: The Alliance Nationale and the Pronatalist backlash against the Femme Moderne, 1933-1940, French Historical Studies, Vol. 19, no. 3, Spring, pp.699-723 McMillan, J. (1981) Housewife or Harlot: The place of women in French Society 1870-1940. New York: St Martin’s Press. McMillan, J. (2000) France and Women 1789-1914: Gender, Society and Politics. London and New York: Routledge Press. McMillan, J. (1985) Dreyfus to de Gaulle, Politics and Society in France 1898-1969. London: Edward Arnold. Pedersen, J.E. (1996) Regulating abortion and birth control: gender, medicine and republican policies in France 1870-1920, French Historical Studies, Vol. 19, no. 3, Spring, pp.673-698. Reynolds, S. (1996) France between the Wars: Gender and Politics. New York: Routledge. Schafer, S. (1992) When the child is the father of the man: Work, Sexual difference and the Guardian-State in the Third Republic, History and Theory, Vol. 31, no. 4, Beiheft 31: History of feminist Theory, December, pp.98-115. Silverman, D. (1992) Art Nouveau in fin de siecle France: Politics, Psychology and Style. Oxford and California: University of California Press. Smith, T.B. (2003) Creating the Welfare State in France 1880-1940. Canada: McGill-Queens University Press. Smith, P. (1996) Feminism and the 3rd Republic: Women’s political and Civil Rights in France 1918-1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Sowerwine, C. (2001) France since 1870, Culture, Politics and Society. New York: Palgrave. Sowerwine, C. (2001) France since 1870 Culture, Society and the Making of the Republic. New York: Palgrave. Stewart, M.L. (1989) Women, Work and the French State: Labour Protection and Social Patriarchy. Quebec: McGill-Queens University Press. Stewart, M.L. (2001) For health and beauty: physical culture for Frenchwomen, 1880s-1930s. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Stromberg Childers, K. (2003) Fathers, Families and the State in France 1914-1945. New York: Cornell University Press. Tierney, H. (1999) Women’s Studies Encyclopaedia. Westport: Greenwood Publishing. Tilburg, A.P. (2009) Colette’s Republic: Work, Gender and Popular Culture in France 1870-1914. USA: Berghahn Books. Wallach Scott, J. (1996) Only paradoxes to offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man. USA: Harvard University Press. How to cite How did Social Reforms Improve Women’s Position during the Third Republic?, Essay examples

Challenges Faced by Big Oil Companies

Question: Discuss the challenges faced by big oil companies. Answer: Introduction: We use oil in our day to day life. Oil has become the essential part of every ones life. The oil fuels are widely used in Cars, trucks, buses etc. When we talk about energy we often draw a picture of oil companies in our mind. At the first glance it can be thought that the future of the various western oil companies like BP, Royal Dutch shell, ExxonMobil and Chevron is very bright these companies are collectively known as Big Oil. It has been observed that the prices of oil have been rising at a tremendous pace since the past decade and is expected to increase at $100 per barrel. Though the commodity prices of the oil are quite high still there are many serious threats which are being faced by the Big Oil Companies and these problems or the challenges can constrain the earning power, share price performance and the ability to grow the dividend of the company in the long run. The energy growth is not the same as it was some time back and it seems that the margins in the near future ar e going to be smaller and smaller.(Faulkner (2014)) There are variety of challenges that are being faced by the oil companies which includes decreased access to sovereign reserves, challenges related to innovation, increase in the regulations and various new energy policies. These challenges bring with them the threat to this industry. When we talk about sustainability for these companies it is no longer a factor which differentiates it from the other companies. (Singh (2010))The challenges that the industry is facing currently automatically necessitate being serious about sustainability and managing the technology strategies properly. The Big oil companies whether it be at national level or at international level are facing various challenges which are posing danger on the survival of these companies. Some of the challenges that are faced by the Big Oil companies include the following: Demand Growth has slowed It has been observed that the rate of growth of the company has slowed down since the past decade even though the consumption of the oil is up over the last year. The main reason for this is the decline in the demand of oil in the countries like Europe and US. The main reasons for the declining demand can be recession in the developing countries the biggest driver are the increased fuel efficiency and high prices of gas. (Mieczkowski (2005))Due to the stagnation of the global economic the demands of these companies have slowed down a lot. Oil is getting more expensive to recover as the world is not having any shortage of oil but the truth is the world is having the shortage of cheap oil. The ultra deep water locations have accounted half the reserves of oil in the current years and the in US oil drilling has become hot.(Hoium (2013)) According to the latest researches it has been analyised that the oil can be found easily but the researchers are required to start stretching their technology and researches. Now days the consumers have become very price sensitive that now the cost of the gasoline is more than $3 per gallon. The consumers find various alternatives to be attractive which can be a long-term concern for the industry.(Moore (2015)) Alternatives are closing in quickly as there are various alternatives which are becoming popular as the time is passing and the technology is changing. There are various electric motors from the companies like Ford, Nissan and Tesla motors which are becoming popular as compared to the conventional gasoline vehicles and are getting better as the technology keeps on improving. Natural gas is offset by the solar energy as a new power generation source and as the costs will fall in the near future it will continue to grow all over the world. The Big oil is impacted by the clean energy revolution.(Al-Zayer. (2007)) Slowing the growth of production The main challenge that is being faced by the big oil companies is the slow growth of production. There has been a dramatic decline in the production of the various big oil companies due to various supply sources. It was said by the ExxonMobil in the year 2014 second quarter that the production sank to 5.7% year after year and it was lowest in the year 2009. The production growth forecasts of many big oil companies have been lowered and are guided roughly say 1%-3% annual growth. (Robbinson (2014))Chevron has the best prospect of delivering 4% annual growth through the year 2017 and it has its main focus on the higher-growth regions which includes Gulf of Mexico and onshore US Shale. The cost of production is high and is rising as the time is changing which is the biggest challenge for the big oil companies. The reserves of easy oil has depleted so the big oil companies have started venturing in to remote and uncharted territories around the world. The average break even costs are higher in the areas of deep water regions.(Crowe (2013)) Climate change One of the most controversial challenges that are being faced by the big oil companies is the cost of complying with the new regulations that are aimed for limiting the climate change. Limiting the global temperature by 2 degree Celsius before the year 2050 was generally accepted so that potentially catastrophic damage can be avoided on the environment of the earth. In order to achieve this goal green house gas emissions are required to be curtailed by burning the natural gas, oil and coal. (Marcel (2007))According to the reports it has been found that a large amount of reserves that are owned by the Big Oil companies cannot be burned which renders them useful which simultaneously makes it quite difficult to achieve the goal of achieving the (Nimos n.d.) temperature to 2 degree Celsius. If this happens then it might be possible that these companies require writing down the value of their reserves which would obviously slash the market value of the Big Oil companies and the share prices will also be affected drastically. Cost of Services is another challenge that is being faced by the oil and gas industry which cuts across the value chains from the exploration to the production along with the refining and transportation, which results in increase of the commodity prices and the industry, is automatically driven to the level where it has become difficult for it to respond.(Lieberman Rust (2015)) Crude supply mechanism are many problems faced in the supply of the crude oil this greatly affects the supply chain as the accurate information will be affected. (Martin (2009))There is a much need of information technology to overcome this issue and discover the various alternative sources. The companies can collect various data which can become basis for its decision making. The cash crunch of sub-$50/bbl oil on projects and dividends: There has been a struggle by the biggest oil companies so that they can generate enough cash for covering their dividends and spending. The four well known oil companies that is the Royal Dutch, BP plc , Exxon Mobil Corp, and Chevron have been spending on new projects , dividends and share buybacks and they outstripped the cash flow to more then $20 billion during the half of 2015. Over 28% was handed over by the company to the shareholders. (Kent (2015))The current prices of the oil are being traded above $40 per barrel which is their lowest levels since August and many companies are not seeing the prices to be rising above $60 barrel until 2017. Oil and gas industry should prepare for low-carbon energy transition: By looking back towards the current problems that are faced by the big oil companies which are caused by low commodity prices. According to the reports it is argued that the oil companies are a vital part of future energy system as there is a demand by the global consumer for affordable and reliable energy supplies. It is known that the global demand for reliable energy will continue to grow in the coming future. According to the reports it is suggested that the oil and gas companies should take measures that might affect their future trends.(Cudff (2016)) It is also suggested by PwC that the government shall implement COP21 regulation, direct investments, and incentives and there will be rise in renewable energy which will put pressure on the big oil companies to diversify their business. Implementation of change: The Big oil companies have changed their concept of looking at the fuel and energy related subjects. Various new technologies and services have been developed by the companies so that they can easily meet the needs of the consumers. (Butler (2016))The companies are now going to be more productive, innovative and efficient in managing their tasks. In relation to the consumer level which is considered as the main source of income for these companies are likely to be more satisfied in meeting the demands. It is expected that the oil demand will rise up to say around 36.5% of the world energy by the year 2030 or say about 120 mbpd according to the latest scenario of OPEC. The gas share is expected to climb of over 27% by the year 2030. It is expected that most of the energy will be consumed by the industrialized countries while the bulk demand will come from the Asian developing countries like from the booming economies and from India and China which accounts for approximately 86% of the global demand. Another challenge that is being faced by the Big Oil companies is the rising costs of the projects as for example there is increase in the drilling cost by 5% since 2003. These rising costs are also due to the problem of shortages of labor. Due to which the wages have increased by about 15% in the year 2005. Measures are being taken by the OPEC member countries and the NOC so that the shortage in the developing programs can be reduced that will further facilitate the engineering expertise developments. Another challenge that is being faced in the uncertainty in the demand so the industry understands the fact that comprehensive approach is required in this industry. In order to deal with the challenge of the sources of the crude oil the big oil companies can devise avenues and alternative means for the exploration of the oil. For saving the worlds oil and Gas it is required to devise the alternatives.(Houston. (2013)) It was suggested by the global analyst that the decision of OPEC for not cutting the production at the meeting held by OPEC in the November 2014. The costs of the Big Oil companies is already being trimmed for example ConocoPhillips announced recently that it is going to slash its spending on the investment by 20% in the coming year and Halliburton which is the second largest oil field company of the world announced lay-offs. It has been further concluded by the IEA that the shale oil from Bakken formation will be profitable at just $42 per barrel. There is a lot of pressure on the oil companies as the net income of different oil companies keep on declining but the consumption of the oil will continue to fall in the developed countries while the alternative fuels will grow.(Hoium (2013)) Conclusion: The performance of the big oil is already been hurt there has been a net income decline of the various famous big oil companies like BP, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and Chevron as depicted in the figure above. Here it can be concluded that though Big Oil companies are well known for their monster profits but the challenges that are being faced by them can also not be neglected. The rising and high development costs, slow production growth and the curb of increasing global warming are the biggest threats that are being faced by these companies. The Investors who are cautious will be wise in taking the decisions while investing in these companies. The Big Oil companies reign is coming to an end and moreover there is not much growth left for the investors even. It is estimated that in the near future the companies are going to lose their revenues and earnings and the stocks are also going to fall. The big oil companies can take various steps to overcome the challenges that they are fa cing due to the climate change and can come out of this danger. Taking timely measures and proper research on various threats and opportunities available for the industry can prove out to be very beneficial for the Big Oil companies. To overcome the issues related to the stagnating crude oil it is very important to maintain effective operation and also ensure that proper margin is obtained in the market. There shall be reliable instrumentation and trusted technologies for example the robotic system this will help in boosting the refining of the crude oil. Bibliography Al-Zayer., F (2007), 'The future of oil and gas and the resultant challenges and opportunities for NOCs', Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Butler, N (2016), 'Oil companies need to tailor strategies to claw back lost profits', A supply that is plentiful demands some fresh ideas from the industry, 4 Febuaray (2016), pp. https://next.ft.com/content/bb1dd29e-cb2b-11e5-a8ef-ea66e967dd44. 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